Clinical assessment services (CAS) and the NHS e-Referral Service

Clinical Assessment Service (CAS) functionality allows providers to review referrals in the NHS e-Referral Service (e-RS) and/or see and treat patients and then to refer them on to another service if required.

This page details the considerations which should be thought about when setting up a CAS.

Read more information on how to manage CAS services.

A CAS may be staffed by:

• GPs with a special interest (GPwSI)
• other healthcare practitioners (such as physiotherapists within musculoskeletal services)
• multi-disciplinary teams - such as community mental health teams (CMHTs)
• consultants or other secondary care clinicians

CAS providers should adhere to the following principles:

1. A CAS should only be set up where it helps to streamline referral pathways.
2. The CAS must always add clinical value to a patient’s journey.

A CAS will offer the most benefit to a clinical pathway where there are a number of potential outcomes to the initial referral and where further clinical intervention or assessment will help ensure that the patient is on the most appropriate onward care pathway.

3. The CAS should NOT add unnecessary delay to the patient’s journey.

The Referral to Treatment Time (RTT) pathway must always be completed in line with current timescales.

4. The CAS must be specialty/sub-specialty specific and should be managed by appropriately qualified clinicians.

Multi-specialty CASs are not supported in e-RS and are unlikely to provide the degree of specialism necessary to improve clinical outcomes.

5. Patients should always be made aware of the referral process.

The referring clinician should understand the assessment process and should explain to the patient what will happen when the initial referral has been assessed. Following the initial assessment, if an onward referral is appropriate, staff operating the CAS should inform patients of the assessment outcome and involve them in deciding where and when they would like to be referred-on.

A CAS can operate within primary care or secondary care and be directly bookable or indirectly bookable. It may take one or more of the following forms:

Telephone/Video assessment service

A telephone/video assessment service operates by taking referral information and then using either a telephone or a video consultation with the patient to gain additional clinical information to help determine the correct onward pathway. The booked appointment date should be agreed with the patient and the process clearly defined so that the patient understands what steps need to be taken to attend their virtual appointment.

Patient physically seen (face-to-face CAS)

In this model, the patient attends the booked appointment and is assessed and/or treated by a clinical specialist. The patient may then be referred to another service (such as in the community, or in a secondary care setting), or advice may be sent back to the patient’s referring clinician to assist with on-going management.

With all of the above service models, it is important that the patient is fully involved in agreeing the onward pathway and booking the appointment. Where this results in a referral to secondary care, a choice of provider should be offered, in line with patients’ rights under the NHS Constitution.

Primary care and secondary care service providers will have different drivers for implementing a CAS, but they should all have one common aim of ensuring that the patient gets to the right place - first time – every time.

One important point to consider, before deciding on whether or not to use a CAS, is the likelihood of a referrer selecting the correct service(s) for the patient, providing they have the correct supporting information available at the time of referral. If all (or most) referrals will end up in the correct service, then a CAS is unlikely to be a cost-effective way of managing the pathway and will introduce a delay to patient care that may be hard to justify.

If, however, patients frequently end up in the wrong service, or referrals are often rejected or need to be re-directed into the correct service, then one way to deal with this may be to set up a CAS. It is important, however, to consider other possible causes for inappropriate referrals, which may need to be addressed.

These may include:

• services being named ineffectively (such as not following the national naming convention or not clearly identifying to referrers what the service covers)
• the service details not adequately describing the referral criteria
• referrers being unaware of how to access referral criteria/information from within e-RS

In many cases, introducing effective clinical dialogue (between referrers and providers for example) may help educate referrers of the correct pathways and services to use and be more cost-effective than introducing CAS. The use of the advice and guidance function in e-RS may help facilitate this dialogue.

A CAS can play an important role in helping manage many care pathways, including:

• enabling any pre-requisite tests or investigations to be completed for specific pathways and protocols, which will ensure that first outpatient appointments are not wasted
• allowing complex cases to be assessed to ascertain the appropriate pathway, before the patient attends
• supporting more cost-effective commissioning, by ensuring that the patient is seen in the right place, at the first attempt
• preventing provider-initiated cancellations and rejections (after the patient has already booked their appointment), if necessary requirements have not been met

For information on setting up a CAS, see our service definer guidance.

There are steps to be followed by a service provider in managing clinical assessment service (CAS) referrals in e-RS. Check the steps on how to manage a CAS on the clinical assessment services (management) page.

e-RS allows service providers to make appropriate services ‘restricted’, thereby governing who can refer patients into them. When used together with CAS functionality, this allows more complex pathways to be made available.

There is further information on using e-RS in this way on the Directory of Services (creating and maintaining services) page.

What is the availability of booking teams and clinical teams

Consider the availability of those clinicians undertaking the assessment and staff processing the appointments, in order to ensure that a CAS does not add unnecessary administrative delay to a patient’s journey.

How will the patient be kept informed

Depending on which CAS model is to be used, consider how the patient will be informed of the process - for example, will they know whether to attend an assessment appointment or not and what will happen after the appointment? Information to support this can be added to the patient appointment instructions.

How will choice be handled

Consider how the choice discussion will take place within the CAS process and how this might be audited. Who will be offering choice? Do they know what patients’ rights are under the NHS Constitution?

How will the Referral to Treatment (RTT) rules be applied

Anyone setting-up or managing a CAS must be aware of the following rules and principles relating to RTT:

1. the booking of the assessment service appointment will be the start of the referral to treatment waiting time for the patient
2. for consultant-led RTT pathways that start within an interface service (e.g. a CAS), the correct clock start date is the date the unique booking reference number (UBRN) is converted for the CAS appointment and NOT the date that the onward referral from the interface service is received by the secondary care provider
3. it is essential that the correct start date is captured for patients who are referred from one organisation to another, which includes patients referred on from a CAS

Any referral of a patient from one organisation to another should be accompanied by the IPTAMDS (Inter-Provider Transfer Administrative Minimum Data Set), whether this referral is through e-RS or not. The IPTAMDS will provide the Patient Pathway Identifier (PPI) and the date of the consultant-led RTT clock start. This is the information that should be used by the receiving provider in their Commissioning Data Set (CDS) submission to the Secondary Uses Service (SUS).

Use of CAS worklists

Consider how the referral will move through the CAS worklists. Will clinicians review the clinical referral information online through e-RS, or will the referral letters be printed-off for clinicians to write on? Work out the steps and who is involved at each stage. How will processes outside of the e-RS be handled?