Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination
The BCG immunisation programme is a risk-based programme recommended for individuals at higher risk of exposure to TB.
In addition to this risk-based approach, all infants (0-12 months) living in an area with an incidence above 40/100,000 should be offered the BCG vaccine.
Detailed information on the BCG programme can be found in the ‘Green Book’.
BCG Data can be found in Table 11a in the data tables.
In 2020-21 a universal BCG programme was offered by LAs with a 3-year average annual TB rate equal or greater than 40 per 100,000 population.
In 2020-21 5 LAs offered a universal BCG programme based on the criteria above, all based in London (Brent, Ealing, Hounslow, Newham and Redbridge).
An estimated coverage figure is only reported for these LAs running a universal programme.
Slough, which previously offered a universal programme, has not done so since 2017-18.
From April 2015, as part of the COVER programme, neonatal BCG was included in the data extraction template from local CHISs, alongside extraction of coverage data for other vaccines offered under the age of 5 years.
This provides an opportunity for BCG vaccine coverage to be estimated only for local authorities offering a universal neonatal programme.
It is not possible to calculate LA level coverage for the selective programme offered in the rest of England as the number of eligible children is not defined in the CHISs.
COVER collections for BCG data have only recently been established and data are of variable quality. A shortage of BCG vaccine that started in May 2015 and may have persisted in some areas into 2016 is likely to have impacted on coverage for those evaluated in 2017-18 (born between 1 April 2016 and 31 March 2017).
From June 2016, an alternative BCG vaccine was supplied by PHE to enable the continuation of the neonatal programme.
Neonatal hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination
Information on neonatal hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination can be found in the ‘Green Book’:
Following the introduction of universal antenatal testing for hepatitis B (and subsequent vaccination of babies born to mothers who are chronically infected with HBV) in April 2000, PHE has been collecting coverage data on infants born to hepatitis B positive mothers at their 1st and 2nd birthdays.
Since April 2005, this data collection has been integrated into the routine COVER programme and has been a statutory requirement since 2006.
HepB coverage statistics have been published in this bulletin since 2010 and have been published at LA level since 2015-16.
The data presented in Tables 11b and 11c in the Data Tables represents reported vaccine coverage for infants born to mothers who are chronically infected with HBV who received 5 doses of HepB vaccine when assessed at 1 year of age (2 monovalent and 3 hexavalent), and coverage for 6 doses of HepB vaccine (3 monovalent and 3 hexavalent) in such infants when assessed at 2 years of age in the year (2020-21).
Given that some or all of the data required on infants born to hepatitis B positive mothers could not be supplied for all LAs, it would be inadvisable to draw conclusions from these data at national or regional level.
Further details of the LAs for which full data could not be supplied are available in the HepB Excel Tables (11b and 11c).
For the 2020-21 collection, HepB data reported for the 150 Upper Tier Local Authorities were derived as follows:
For the 12 month cohort, 146 LAs submitted a full data set.
For the 24 month cohort, 146 LAs submitted a full data set.
Neonatal Hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination
Despite the issues mentioned with neonatal hepatitis B data, it remains important that these data continue to be reported for a number of reasons;
- The Joint Committee for Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) recommended a universal infant hepatitis B programme, which was implemented from autumn 2017 (see appendix G). In addition to HepB doses received at 2, 3 and 4 months through this routine programme, infants born to hepatitis B positive mothers will continue to receive doses at birth and 1 month, as well as a booster dose at 12 months.
- Official and National Statistics are important drivers for improvements locally in systems and care pathways which include data reporting. Feedback from stakeholders has been positive.
- PHE’s hepatitis team is undertaking a mapping exercise to help local teams identify gaps in the infant hepatitis B pathway, including reporting of data. Published data helps to identify those gaps and to engage local teams to address them resulting in improving data quality.
- The data has been invaluable in monitoring and evaluating the impact of various interventions – for example dry blood spot testing service for infants at 12 months old; GP payments for HepB vaccinations and testing.